Temperature does not change quickly. Everything above a few hertz is noise for this measurement, so a single pole placed well below the interference removes most of it.
H(f) = 11 + j 2πfRC,fc = 12πRC
The polereactive
R
C
fc = 1 / 2πRC = drag R
I = 0 A P = 0 W · steady state · 1.00 V AC in fig 4 · one pole, driven by a real stimulus
Where you are decides what you get
α + γα: 48.5%γ: 51.5%0.4 wt% · 728 °C
Fe–Fe₃C (metastable), straight-segment approximation after Callister — δ-ferrite omitted
Alloy & furnacereactive
carbon
temperature
→ state pointdrag temperature
At 728 °C and 0.40 wt% C the diagram answers three questions at once: which phases, in what proportions, of what composition.
Same atoms, different rooms
α-ferrite · BCC · the (110) slip plane shown conventional BCC iron cell, a = 2.8665 Å · Im-3mdrag to rotateγ-austenite · FCC · the (111) close-packed plane shown conventional FCC iron cell, a ≈ 3.555 Å at 900 °C · Fm-3mdrag to rotate
Every acid keeps a conjugate
Acetic acid — the Brønsted acid molecule · depicted from SMILES CC(=O)OAcetate — its conjugate base molecule · depicted from SMILES CC(=O)[O-]
an option of the molecule objectswitch H
CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + CH3COO−Ka = [H3O+][A−][HA]
The acid and its conjugate base differ by exactly one proton — and every question in this lecture is really the question of how happily the structure on the right carries its negative charge.
family envelopes — teaching ranges, not a grade database
Design indexreactive
E^½/ρ line
→ guideline positiondrag the line
Minimising mass for a stiff beam means maximising E^½/ρ. The line has slope 2 on these log axes; everything above it at 3.0 makes the cut. Raise the bar and watch the metals leave before the composites do.
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Temperature does not change quickly. Everything above a few hertz is noise for this measurement, so a single pole placed well below the interference removes most of it.
H(f) = 11 + j 2πfRC,fc = 12πRC
The polereactive
R
C
fc = 1 / 2πRC = drag R
I = 0 A P = 0 W · steady state · 1.00 V AC in fig 4 · one pole, driven by a real stimulus
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